Canon OPTURA XI - Camcorder - 2.2 MP Manual de Instruções

CIVIL AIR PATROL U.S. Air Force Auxiliary Mission Aircrew Reference Text Volume III Airborne Photographer and VIT Specialist Revision April 2

xii Intentionally blank

90 Note the “Attach” section of the e-mail: the photo was reduced from its original 3 MB (above) to 69.4 KB (below). Sending the reduced-size photo

91 8.1.2 WinZip Courier Service WinZip Courier (http://winzip.yousendit.com) has a free service that allows you to send files up to 100 MB in si

92 If you need to send multiple files, you can subscribe to the Plus service for $4.99 per month. This increases the file size limit to 2 GB with a

93 The next step is to send the photos: a. A new window appears containing your local PC directories and files and also the connected site's d

94 a. Enter the site’s URL in your browser and then enter a Username and Password provided by Mission Base Staff. The site displays a list of curr

95 8.4 Upload Photos to WMIRS When enabled by mission command, the Web Mission Information Reporting System (WMIRS) provides an easy method of uplo

96 e. When you scroll down you can display the images by date; click on the image to enlarge. f. To upload a new image, select "Add Image.&

97 h. The program automatically loads the image and displays it on the map and at the bottom of the page (arranged by date). i. Note the watermar

98 8.6 Deliver Photos or Video via Messenger Sometimes the internet will not be working, but you still need to deliver your photos or video to a cu

99 8.7 Digitizing 35mm Film Photos You may need to “digitize” photos taken with a 35mm film camera. There are a couple of ways to do this. 8.7.1

1 1. Digital Cameras Airborne Photographers have to know the camera and how to use it, so they can concentrate on planning, framing and taking a

100 Click ‘Preview’ (as was done in this example) and, if there is only one photo on the scanner platen, the wizard will automatically select it.

101 Today’s scanners support resolutions as high as 2800 dots per inch (dpi), but at that resolution you’ll waste time and space creating files th

102 Intentionally blank

103 9. Printing Photos Printer technology has advanced to the point where you can now print photos that look as good as those you get from a 35m

104 9.1 Printers and Image Resolution The two main types of printers are laser and inkjet. Laser printers are generally faster and cheaper (per pr

105 the Photo Printing Wizard by right-clicking on the photo and selecting ‘Print’. The wizard then takes you through the printing set-up, includin

106 9.3 Resizing Getting an image to the right size and with the appropriate resolution (dpi) before you print it is an important step. Resizing a

107 Once you have the desired size, you can click ‘OK’ to accept these changes to the image. 9.4 Supplies Choosing the type of paper for printing y

108 Intentionally blank

109 10. Between Missions: Keeping the Camera and Accessories Mission Ready The Airborne Photographer and the Videography Information Technolog

2 4. Discuss the purpose of formatting a media card and when this should be done. [AP-P-001] Format a media card in the camera. [VIT-P-001] 5. D

110 OBJECTIVES: 1. Describe the contents of a typical mission camera/camcorder bag. [AP-P-003; VIT-P-004] 2. Describe the storage requirements

111 10.1 Batteries Most manufacturers suggest removing the camera (and portable GPS) batteries if the camera/GPS is not used for two weeks or long

112 10.2.1 Cleaning the Lens The best way to ensure a clean lens is not to let it get dirty in the first place! Always keep a lens cover over the

113 frequently fogs up; this can be a real problem in cool climates when camera equipment is brought inside after being outside in the cold for some

114 autofocus cameras. To use a polarizer, attach it to the end of your lens and rotate it until the reflections are gone. For CAP purposes, polari

115 11. Preparing for an Imaging Sortie The key to a successful imaging mission is preparation, planning, patience and practice! Airborne Photog

116 d. Effects of weather on an imaging sortie. e. The importance of the Photography Log. f. Special requirements for video sorties. Obtain a

117 11.1 Briefings It is vital that the crew knows what the target is and what the customer wants, so make sure that the customer has described bot

118 Details you need include (the checklist is in Attachment 1): a. What and where is the target? Get the exact location of the target(s). Even

119 determine how large (or how many) media cards you will need for the sortie. f. What quality do they want (e.g., highest, medium or low)? This

3 1.1 Basic Components "Pixel" stands for picture element. A single pixel is the basic building block of a digital image. A photograph

120 decimal points. [Note: Seconds are usually not included, but may be calculated in the same manner.] To convert from the decimal to the degree/m

121 you have of getting the required photos; therefore, allow for plenty of time over the target. Then plan extra time to review the photos and rep

122 Next, the Mission Pilot completes the flight planning and briefing portions of the CAPF 104): • Ensure your 'Route of Flight' clearly

123 11.2.2 Basics Steps of an Imaging Pattern Aerial Imaging flight patterns are always flown at 1000' AGL or higher, and never at speeds bel

124 11.2.3 Circling Imaging Flight Pattern Note: The AP should be looking north. The pattern shows an entry for aircraft shooting from the right

125 11.2.4 4-Square Imaging Flight Pattern This is a more stable variation to use in place of the circling pattern. Note: The pattern shows an en

126 11.2.5 Bird’s Eye (Overview) Imaging Flight Pattern An imaging mission may require an overhead view (bird’s eye view) of a target such as an

127 Basic steps: a. Fly the “ID Pass” to verify the target and note its coordinates. Examine the target and its surroundings, and decide how to fr

128 11.2.6 45° Angle to Target Imaging Flight Pattern

129 An imaging mission may require photos of a target from a specific angle, most often 45 degrees. The diagram and table below shows how to obtain

4 when digital zoom is necessary to get a photo of a distant object, the truth is that it does not create as good an image as can be recorded optica

130 pilot must be aware these maneuvers may be necessary, and the AP must know how to direct the pilot. Keep the directions clear and simple: “Lif

131 should plan for a transit time of one hour and allow at least 50 minutes for assessing the target, obtaining the photos, reviewing the photos, a

132 • Set your digital camera to its highest contrast. Look at your histogram, if available; you'll be surprised at how it tends to bunch up

133 • Working condition of the camera and lens cap straps. • Photo Log, Recon Sketch Sheet, and Photo Pattern Planning sheets, along with a go

134 f. Disable (turn off) the flash. g. Disable (turn off) the AF-Assist Lamp. Usually located near the lens barrel, an Autofocus Assist Lamp as

135 11.6 Prepare the Aircraft • Clean the aircraft windows before you leave, and make sure you have cleaning supplies on board. This is for safety

136 Intentionally blank

137 12. Conducting an Imaging Sortie The key to a successful imaging mission is preparation, planning, patience and practice! Airborne Photograp

138 12.1.1 Transit to the Target Area a. Once you’re out of busy airspace, relax the sterile cockpit rules but maintain situational awareness. b.

139 12.1.3 The ID Pass a. When you pass over the target, log the latitude and longitude and verify you have the right target. If you have DME, lo

5 Note: Some lenses don’t produce even edge-to-edge sharpness across their range, so experiment with your lens to determine if there is any falloff

140 12.1.5 Preparing to Take Photos or Video a. Steady the camera or camcorder: b. Choose a comfortable, sustainable posture. If you’re sitti

141 Using the Zoom Optical zoom should be used sparingly, but it can be a tremendous help in composing a shot because you’ll rarely be in exactly t

142 distance and altitude, you will have to move further south and may have to increase your altitude. You may also use this opportunity to describe

143 • If time allows, you may check each shot as it appears on the camera’s LCD screen after each shot. However, since the display is usually set

144 12.6 Debrief 12.6.1 Transfer Photos Transfer your photos to a computer as soon as possible. Verify that the pictures were successfully and co

145 12.6.3 Check in with the Debriefing Officer • Tell how you did your job and what you saw • Usually starts with a review of the information y

146 Intentionally blank

CXLVII Attachment 1, Customer Imaging Request Checklist This checklist assists mission staff in obtaining all the information necessary to deter

CXLVIII Intentionally blank

CXLIX What and where is the target? Define the target location by at least two forms of navigational information (e.g., Lat/Long and VOR radial/DM

6 Time stamp in lower right-hand corner Watermark in lower left-hand corner B. LCD Screen Instead of a Viewfinder Many cameras also let you u

CL What information do they want to accompany the photos (or be included in a video’s audio commentary)? Accompanying information may include: •

CLI Do they want you e-mail the photos? • What information do they want in the “Subject” and “Remarks” areas of the e-mail? • What is the e-mail

CLII Intentionally blank

CLIII Attachment 2, Imaging Sortie Checklist This is an imaging mission-specific checklist. See the Flight Guide for a general, comprehensive mi

CLIV Intentionally blank

CLV 1. Aircrew Assignment / Briefing A. Detailed briefing prior to each sortie; pay attention and ask questions B. Include entire aircrew, if sp

CLVI 2. Plan the Sortie A. The Airborne Photographer (AP) and Mission Pilot (MP) plan while the third crewmember listens (may be briefed later) 1)

CLVII 3. Inventory and Set Equipment A. Inventory Equipment 1) Camera/GPS batteries charged (including spares) 2) Memory cards with sufficient c

CLVIII C. Prepare the Aircraft 1) Clean the aircraft windows before you leave, and make sure you have cleaning supplies on board 2) If you will b

CLIX B. Approaching the Target 1) Exterior lights on (maximize your visibility so others can "see and avoid") NOTE: You may need to turn

7 when you use the viewfinder you may not be able to see the full frame if you have to put your glasses on to look through it. Diopter correction is

CLX D. Prepare to Enter the Imaging Pattern 1) Fly at least 1000' AGL during daylight and at least 2000' AGL at night, and no slower tha

CLXI H. After the Sortie 1) Remove all your equipment from the aircraft, if necessary 2) Clean the windows 3) If no more sorties will be flown i

CLXII C. Check in with Debriefing Officer 1) Tell how you did your job and what you saw 2) Usually starts with a review of the information you en

CLXIII Attachment 3, Circling Pattern Worksheet

CLXIV Intentionally blank

CLXV Attachment 4, 4-Square Pattern Worksheet 1

CLXVI Intentionally blank

CLXVII Attachment 5, 4-Square Pattern Worksheet 2

CLXVIII Intentionally blank

CLXIX Attachment 6, Overview Pattern Worksheet

8 Single-use lithium iron disulfide batteries make excellent backup batteries because they maintain their charge for years. Use rechargeable lithiu

CLXX Intentionally blank

CLXXI Attachment 7, 45º Pattern Worksheet

172 172 Intentionally blank

173 173 Index 4 45° Angle to Target Imaging Flight Pattern · 128 4-Square Imaging Flight Pattern · 125 A Add Text or Symbols · 84 Aircrew planning ·

174 174 J JPEG · 12 L Lens filters · 113 Lossless compression · 12 Lossy compression · 12 M Manual mode · 24 Media cards · 8 Memory Card Reader · 60

9 have two memory cards for your camera. Using two cards instead of one gives you more flexibility; you give the card you just used to the mission

iv Introduction The text sets forth the academic preparation and operational tasks required for the Airborne Photographer and Videography Informa

10 Format a card only after transferring your photos to a hard drive or other storage device and then checking them. Additionally, you should regul

11 • Opening, deleting, renaming or moving files on the card while its contents are open on a computer • Using a memory card which has not been f

12 For CAP purposes, we need to realize whether or not our photos have been compressed. If they were compressed, we need to know by how much so we

13 browsers. It is most commonly used within file formats such as TIF (described below). You may also see the terms “EXIF” (also “exif” or “Exif”)

14 B. RAW Unlike JPEG and TIF, RAW is not an abbreviation but literally means “raw” as in “unprocessed.” Most digital cameras are designed to rapi

15 C. TIF or TIFF TIF (Tagged Image File) format was developed specifically for saving photos from scanners, frame grabbers, and paint/photo-retouc

16 F. Native Files Native files are proprietary formats specific to particular graphics programs. • The PICT format is native to the Macintosh.

17 2. Exposure and Settings Airborne Photographers have to know the camera settings and how to set or change them, so they can ensure the camera

18 4. Discuss the effects of shutter delay (lag), and the use of continuous (burst) shooting modes. Demonstrate how to set and use single-frame an

19 2.1 ISO, Shutter Speed, and Aperture Airborne Photographers have to know the camera settings and how to set or change them, so they can ensure t

v Third Crewmember A third crewmember is needed to act as a log keeper and assist the crew in other imaging-related tasks. Any qualified Mission Pi

20 100: For extra sensitivity with little, if any, reduced image quality 200: For cloudy and overcast days, these settings produce acceptable image

21 The size (diameter) of a lens’s aperture at any given moment is called the f-stop (also f/stop or f/number), which is expressed in several diffe

22 foreground; you do this by adjusting the aperture/shutter or by using the Aperture Priority mode (discussed below). 2.2 Metering System The mete

23 locked, even if you move the camera. Pressing the shutter release the rest of the way causes the camera to take the picture. On most cameras, wh

24 • The subject contains many fine details, such as a field containing patches of snow or light-colored soil or rock In these cases, you may need

25 shutter speed while sand or snow modes compensate for very bright backgrounds which would otherwise underexpose your image. When used appropriat

26 Sometimes you take a photo of a black image, but upon review you notice the camera rendered it more grayish. By underexposing the photo, you can

27 when compared to outdoor light, ordinary light bulbs appear more yellow, candlelight appears redder, and fluorescent lights appear greener. If yo

28 NOTE: You can change white balance in almost any photo editing program. As a rule, you select “Color Balance” and change color temperature by m

29 Nikon D200 Resolution Setting Resulting size Large 4.8 megapixels (3872 x 2592) Medium 2.7 megapixels (2896 x 1944) Small 1.2 megapixels (1936 x

vi How to Use this Text As a reference text this document contains more material than is needed to qualify. Objectives are listed at the beginning

30 • ‘JPEG Normal’ images are compressed at a ratio of ~1:8 • ‘JPEG Basic’ images are compressed at a ratio of ~1:16 Additionally, the D200 wi

31 This table shows the D200 recording to a 1GB card: Resolution setting Quality setting File size (MB) # of Photos Uncompressed NEF (RAW) 15.8 60

32 immediately after a shot is taken, or later when single frames are being reviewed. Note: If your camera has a histogram feature, review the manua

33 This histogram shows a good distribution of tones, from deep shadows on the left to bright highlights on the right. This indicates the image ha

34 A digital image is basically a mosaic of square tiles or "pixels" of uniform color which are so tiny that it appears uniform and smooth

35 Typical Histogram examples: Correctly exposed image This is an example of a correctly exposed image with a "good" histogram. The s

36 Image with too much contrast This image has both clipped shadows and highlights. The dynamic range of the scene is larger than the dynamic rang

37 3. Composition Airborne Photographers have to know basic composition in order to understand the framing requirements of aerial photo or video

38 3.1 Isolate the Focal Point The focal point is the main subject of a photo, such as a downed aircraft in a field or a breach in a levy. It is t

39 If you need to place the horizon in the photo to establish perspective, never let the sky take up more than the top one-third of the image (note

vii Task Guides Airborne Photographer tasks: AP-P-001 Discuss Digital Camera Features AP-P-002 Select Camera Settings AP-P-003 Keep Camera and Acc

40 Three factors contribute to the depth of field available to you for any picture: • The aperture of your lens is the first major factor affecting

41 4. Camcorders Airborne Photographers should study this chapter if they have to take video using a digital camcorder. The Videography Informa

42 4.1 Basic Terms and Features 4.1.1 Lens and Zoom Unlike digital cameras, camcorders normally just list the zoom power. For example, the Optura

43 4.1.6 Image Stabilization Camcorders with an image stabilization feature helps to reduce (but not completely eliminate) camera shake that is mo

44 4.1.9 Still Photos and Short Movies Most digital camcorders let you take still photos. This is a handy feature if you need to take “snap photos

45 different to any of the existing formats in that it records an MPEG2 file, with a maximum recording time of 60 minutes. MicroMV tapes are more ex

46 4.4 Connecting to the Aircraft Audio System (Intercom) It is essential to have a means of providing a running audio commentary of what you are f

47 4.5 Techniques Take a close look at a number of recent-model video camcorders and you’ll notice that although many vary in their outward appeara

48 at parties or at air shows. However, since CAP is limited to at least 1000' AGL (and often higher if the airspace is restricted or crowded)

49 4.6 Getting the Video to the Customer Although video from a camcorder can be downloaded into a computer, the file is very large, making it diffi

viii References 1. The following CAP Regulations (CAPR): a. 60-1, CAP Flight Management, 5/13/10. b. 60-3, CAP Emergency Services Training and O

50 Intentionally blank

51 5. Computer Requirements The Videography Information Technology (VIT) Specialist needs to know computer set up, operation and maintenance i

52 5.1 Hardware 5.1.1 Monitor As a minimum, use a 17" color monitor set for 24-bit color. As long as you use a late model, it doesn’t matter

53 5.1.5 Hard Drive Even a two-gigabyte drive will fill up rapidly. Fortunately large hard drives are inexpensive, so choose at least 40 GB with a

54 5.2 Special Software Windows XP and Vista/7 contain most of the software needed for aerial imaging missions, such as a basic image viewer and a

55 5.3.5 Camera/Camcorder Accessories The following are needed to maintain cameras and camcorders mission ready. They are discussed in other chapt

56 Intentionally blank

57 6. Transferring, Organizing and Renaming Photos Airborne Photographers must know how to transfer their photos onto a computer and review phot

58 6.1 Transferring Photos into a Computer There are two ways to transfer photos from most digital cameras onto a computer: attaching the camera di

59 This window appears the first time you connect your camera (after you have installed Canon’s camera software). You can begin the transfer from

ix Table of Contents 1. Digital Cameras ______________________________________ 1 OBJECTIVES: _____________________________________________________

60 Note: Most digital cameras show up as a removable drive in Explorer, so you can just click the drive letter to open the drive. Your pictures wil

61 Play and should follow the instructions to install your camera manually. [Note: If the wizard doesn’t appear as soon as you connect your camera,

62 6.2.2 Capturing Photos using an Photo Editing Program If you have an photo editing program installed on your computer it will step you through

63 5. Select where (what folder) you want to send the photos. To the right under “Location” you see that Elements has listed a default folder (C:\

64 4. Next, create a sub-folder in the mission folder you just created and name it ‘Unedited Photos’ or ‘Original Photos’. Do this each time you c

65 ground (this task is usually performed by a Videography Information Technology Specialist). Refer to http://cap.ttar.org/imageprocessor/ to downl

66 6.5 Naming Photos It can be challenging to find that one photo that you need, when you need it. By renaming your files you make it easier to fi

67 6.5.2 Batch Renaming In Windows you can easily rename whole series of photos using a process called “batch renaming”: [Most other photo browse

68 6.6 Backup and Archive Photos Back up and protect your photos by burning them to a CD or DVD (for CAP purposes, a CD burner is a valuable and in

69 7. Viewing and Editing Photos Airborne Photographers must know how to review photos on a monitor to ensure mission objectives were met. OBJEC

x 5. Computer Requirements ______________________________ 51 OBJECTIVES: ____________________________________________________ 51 5.1 Hardware ____

70 7.1 Browsing Photos Over time you can accumulate hundreds of pictures on your computer’s hard drive, so it is important to keep them organized s

71 Windows XP also includes the “Windows Picture and Fax Viewer” (Photo Viewer in 7). This simple program automatically opens when you double-cl

72 Like the Windows Picture and Fax Viewer, most other browsers will let you zoom in to check details (usually a magnifying glass symbol, as seen ab

73 Additionally, most cameras, camcorders, printers and scanners include basic browser and/or editing programs. Most are easy to use and allow yo

74 editing, try and limit changes to cropping, adjusting brightness and/or contrast (the difference in brightness between light and dark areas), res

75 Following are some cropping tips (examples are from Photoshop Elements): • Don’t mess with success. If you’ve successfully framed the photo at

76 Another benefit of using the adjustment handles is that it shows you the exact center of the selected image (usually a + symbol like in the exa

77 This adjustment is best done with the person who took the photo present, as it quickly enables you to make the photo match the colors and contras

78 The three dragable triangles below the histogram work as follows: • Dragging the left (black) triangle to the right darkens the shadows • Dragg

79 Dragging the left (black) triangle to the right darkens the shadows and makes the image noticeably sharper: Technically, everything to the lef

xi 10. Between Missions: Keeping the Camera and Accessories Mission Ready _________________________________________ 109 OBJECTIVES: _______________

80 without substantially affecting the highlights and shadows, where simply brightening the image with a brightness slider tends to wash out the da

81 your editing program’s automatic features in the rare cases where they will be useful. Just don’t overdo it; each adjustment involves data loss.

82 printed as well, then consider a more restrained approach, as you may find that the vivid color you saw on your monitor takes on an unnatural, ov

83 and metadata display for RAW photos from most Canon and Nikon digital cameras on Windows XP. Browsers are built into most raw conversion programs

84 7.2.1.3 Add Text or Symbols Most editing applications let you insert text or graphic symbols on a photo. Normally this done with a “Type” tool

85 Resize You can reduce file size using the 'resize' feature found in most photo editing software. Plus, many programs give you the

86 In the example, the original image was 1796 pixels in width and 968 pixels in height and the document was 25 inches wide and 13.44 inches high.

87 8. Send Photos to the Customer Airborne Photographers have to know how to send photos to a customer using e-mail, and how to transfer photo

88 8.1 Sending Photos by E-Mail Sending and receiving photos by e-mail can be challenging. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) limit the size of ind

89 “Send To” and then select “Mail Recipient” from the list. When you release the mouse key Windows will open a message box giving you two options: